Video Downloader Professional. It was analytically found that the geographic expansion of industrial clusters goes along with raising their productivity and technological innovation. Join our newsletter for tech tips, reviews, free ebooks, and exclusive deals! By the same token, talented students at a less prestigious institution will have fewer available elite researchers to collaborate with, and hence have lower access to the kinds of social capital that facilitate a successful early research career. Hence, in unadjusted scholarly metrics, researchers at elite institutions have marginally higher productivity and a substantially higher impact. The code used in this study has been deposited in the GitHub repository https://github.com/LleytonLi/LatentVariables. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. To attain a systematic, transparent and reproducible review process (Zupic and ater, 2015, p. 429), and identify research streams and seminal works, we first performed a bibliometric analysis of the initial dataset of 790 articles.In order to map the origin and evolution of the academic debate on digital transformation and Open Access To attain a systematic, transparent and reproducible review process (Zupic and ater, 2015, p. 429), and identify research streams and seminal works, we first performed a bibliometric analysis of the initial dataset of 790 articles.In order to map the origin and evolution of the academic debate on digital transformation and Remote Sens. Once you have found a free article, save the PDF document onto your device or read it online. However, the early-career benefits of a high or high senior coauthor appear to decrease modestly with that coauthors career age (Fig. 109, 52135218 (2012). Access your bookmarks and more frequented sites in a dashboard that might just remind you of your MySpace days. CAS Lond. Science of science. Hence, we find substantial evidence that the well-known gendered productivity and prominence inequalities among women and men researchers can be largely explained as a network effect, in which the composition and size of local collaboration networks differ between men and women, and these differences lead to the observed differences in scholarly metrics, rather than any inherent difference in the researchers themselves. In addition, we find that the results do not qualitatively change when we modify the number of selected elite institutions to the top 20 (Supplementary Fig. Substance Abuse and Different Social Groups. It is a simple story, and one likely to appeal to young children. ADS If your hashtag is green, it means the hashtag will help your content be seen now. You could also use BuzzSumo to perform competitor analysis and uncover strategies that might make your content more shareable. Eng. Compared to a fully randomized null model, we find that high or high researchers are more likely to remain in the same percentile group after 10 years (seeSupplementary Information, and Supplemenatry Figs. were not as successful. Everything will be available on any device where you use OneNote. Inquiry 13, 120 (2017). 12). Google Scholar. Ibarra, H. Paving an alternative route: gender differences in managerial networks. Hence, controlling for the network effects of collaboration, we find smaller but still significant advantages in productivity but even larger advantages in prominence for researchers working at elite institutions, compared with raw scholarly metrics. In this way, collaboration networks may serve as a common mediating variable for other social and epistemic inequalities, which may then drive differences in the amount or visibility of scholarly contributions, or other factors associated with scientific discovery. volume525,pages 201205 (2015)Cite this article, A Corrigendum to this article was published on 16 December 2015. A lone car maker may be profitable, however, if they export cars to global markets in addition to selling to the local market. Nature 465, 622626 (2010). 23, 10311045 (2014), Walker, A. P. et al. However, analyses of scholarly metrics associated with productivity and prominence, based on counts of publications and citations, even when normalized in some way, as in the case of fractional authorship or adjusting for journal impact factors, tend to be confounded by network effects that operate above the level of individual publications. Its two biggest metrics are "Buzz," which measures a website's reach on social media, and "Impact," which measures SEO metrics such as click-through rate, backlinks, and time on page. 17, 53 (2012), Kindermann, G. E., McCallum, I., Fritz, S. & Obersteiner, M. A global forest growing stock, biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics. Grammarly is my go-to app for reviewing blog posts for proper spelling, grammar, and word use. 13) and repeating the analysis by randomly sampling a tertile of researchers (Supplementary Fig. However, to improve precision at the local scale, we also generated a map using ecoregion-scale models. For those times when you and your coworkers are working on computers with different operating systems, or want to collaborate on a live document together, check out Office Editing. 6, 1283712865 (2014), Guldin, R. W. Forest science and forest policy in the Americas: building bridges to a sustainable future. Biogeogr. How does who a scientist knows shape what questions they study or what discoveries they make? the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Cite this article. Listening to your writing can be an excellent way to catch errors. After controlling for network effects, our adjusted productivity and prominence parameters can explain a significant proportion but not all scholarly disparity related to environmental prestige. 2b, e). Matching researchers in our sample by field and year of first publication, we find that researchers at non-elite institutions are only 6.8% less productive than those at elite institutions (Fig. 9, 113 (2018). Matching women and men researchers by institutional prestige, year of first publication, and field, we still find a gendered disparity in which womens productivity and prominence is lower relative to matched men (Fig. The extension also offers a variety of Facebook-specific privacy settings, such as blocking the "seen" tag after you read certain private messages and hiding how long you've been active in Facebook Messenger. Among them, we select six scientific fields representative of the traditional science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) domains: biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, medicine, and physics. CAS Administrative Sci. Our analyses consider coauthorship only between first and last authors of each paper. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Fig. and C.B. The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge. PubMed Res. The effects of social networks on employment and inequality. Speed Dial is a charmingly old-school Chrome extension that turns your new tab into a 3D dashboard. Explanatory Style as a Predictor of Productivity and Quitting Among Life Insurance Sales Agents, Seligman and Schulman, 1986. Theoretical Elaboration and Measurement, Mindfulness Training Modifies Subsystems of Attention, Witnessing Excellence in Action: The Other-Praising Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration, The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience, A Four-Factor Model of Perceived Control: Avoiding, Coping, Obtaining, and Savoring, What Do You Do When Things Go Right? Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico 12, 110 (2021). The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events, Gable et al., 2004, On the Meaning of Work: A Theoretical Integration and Review, Rosso, Dekas & Wrzesniewski, 2010, Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work, Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001, Jobs, Careers, and Callings: Peoples Relations to Their Work, Wrzesniewski et al., 1997, The Development of Purpose During Adolescence, Damon, Menon & Bronk, 2003, The Science and Practice of Self-Control, Duckworth & Seligman, 2017, Self-Control and Grit: Related but Separable Determinants of Success, Duckworth & Gross, 2014, Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals, Duckworth et al., 2007, Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents, Duckworth & Seligman, 2005, The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance, Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Romer, 1993, A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality, Dweck & Leggett, 1988. Article Biogeogr. In contrast, controlling for network effects, individual prominence is highly variable, with an average prominence of =0.04 (on average, for publications written by two authors, 1 out of 12.5 will be highly cited), but a standard deviation twice as large (=0.08). As a result, it remains unclear the degree to which differences in individual scientific activity reflect genuine differences in scientific merit or biases caused by various non-meritocratic processes. We assign binary gender labels to authors according to a classifier based on U.S. Social Security Administration data, which records the historical gender associated with names of newborn babies in the United States of America60. Most authors are associated with very few publications, and our analyses focus on the mid-career trajectories of the 198,202 productive authors that published their first paper in 19752003 and have at least 10 publications in the 15th career year. Nat. If you use Trello for project management, team collaboration, your content calendar, or just a personal to-do list, this extension lets you easily add links as cards to your Trello boards. It shows you what extensions you have operating on Google Chrome and gives you the option to hide some of the icons to keep your browser better organized. September 26, 2022, Published: Alternatively, you can keep the dashboard clean and mess-free for a less overwhelming experience. Everyone loves animated GIFs. Sci. That is, men and women exhibit statistically indistinguishable individual latent productivities and latent prominences, implying that the differences in observed scholarly metrics are likely caused by gendered differences in the structure and composition of researcher collaboration networks (Fig. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1954. J. Another cool feature that HubSpot Sales provides is the tracking and logging of emails. 50, 116, http://www.jstatsoft.org/v50/i13/ (2012), Barto, K. MuMIn: Model selection and model averaging based on information criteria (AICc and alike). Via collaboration, networks correlate with the unequal provision of "scientific and technological human capital across researchers20, shape the academic career of researchers33, and can conceal underlying inequalities in formal evaluations like tenure34. The Person-Event Data Environment: Leveraging Big Data for Studies of Psychological Strengths in Soldiers. See pricing, Marketing automation software. between member states (e.g., per capita); "a process for adopting decisions" both economically and politically; and "a will to make concessions" between developed and developing states of the union. 10, pp. We've broken them down into different categories if you want to jump ahead: Please note: All of these are free tools, but some of the services that they work with may have paid features or subscriptions. Matching researchers by field and year of first publication, researchers at non-elite institutions receive 39.9% fewer citations than those at elite institutions, while further matching on collaboration network variables shrinks this gap to only 19.9%. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.03251 (2016). News 504, 211 (2013). Occupancy Estimation and Modeling (Academic Press, 2005), MacLean, M. G. et al. Ahmadpoor, M. & Jones, B. F. Decoding team and individual impact in science and invention. In the current sense of combining separate economies into larger economic regions, the use of the word integration can be traced to the 1930s and 1940s. There are tons of resources for students to find articles online, and Google Scholar is a top pick. Google Scholar. Omega is an avid internet user and loves using her writing skills to interpret the digital space. You can also use it to simply track pages that youre interested in citing in the future. Article Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneos tropical forests. Trans. and designed by T.W.C., K.R.C. Free and premium plans, Operations software. However, maybe it's time that you read information from the academics that the world has to offer. A large and persistent carbon sink in the worlds forests. a Illustrations of how observed individual productivity (upper) and prominence (lower) are network measures, resulting from the joint effect of the individual productivity and prominence parameters of coauthors. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the "second best" option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist. Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. Each year, Gallup studies leadership by polling employees, teams, and leaders across the world on the state of leadership. Specifically, the dynamic approach analytically described the main features of the theory of competition summarized by Michael Porter, stating that industrial clusters evolve from initial entities gradually expanding within their geographic proximity. 94, 426454 (2004). Shu, F., Sugimoto, C. R. & Larivire, V. The institutionalized stratification of the chinese higher education system. The global tree density map can be found at http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yale_fes_data/1/. ADS Scholarly articles on leadership styles The Leadership Style That Companies Often Overlook, but Shouldnt. Biogeogr. Avast Online Security is known as a "web reputation plugin," examining each individual website you visit for suspicious information. JEL Classification System / EconLit Subject Descriptors The JEL classification system was developed for use in the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL), and is a standard method of classifying scholarly literature in the field of economics.The system is used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers in EconLit, and in many other Identifying the underlying causes of the long-term effects of these collaborations is an important direction of future research, with specific implications for efforts to mitigate social and epistemic inequalities in science. Although this fact has been empirically known for decades, now it was also shown as being mathematically correct. & Hamilton, B. H. The gender gap in nih grant applications. Equal. Collaboration network effects can also explain a large proportion of the productivity and prominence advantages held by researchers at prestigious institutions. We assess the bias induced from pruning authors in collaboration network trees by examining the differences in individual-level attributes such as institutional prestige and gender in the 2017 network for retained and dropped authors. [partial] [substantial] [none or not applicable]. Google Scholar is a division of Google that focuses on scholarly literature, that way you can easily find articles that you need for your research. Morgan, A. C. et al. Choose from more than 100 wallpapers to customize your new tab background, as well as a reminder list and note pad for staying on task.
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