A brief treatment of the Middle Ages follows. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors). [28] He believed that while Wotanism expounded polytheism for the wider population, those who were members of the Armanist elite were aware of the reality of monotheism. McMullin, Ernan, ed. [18] It is possible that List decided to adopt the usage of the term after his friend, the fellow prominent Ariosophist Lanz von Liebenfels, had done so in 1903. List of Renaissance structures; Index of Renaissance articles; References In 1529 Suleiman's conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna. [32] In later work, this Theosophical influence over List's thinking grew, and he began referencing works such as Helena Blavatsky's Die Geheimlehre ("The Secret Doctrine") and William Scott-Elliot's The Lost Lemuria in his publications. In Western Europe, the first work to use the term polymathy in its title (De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de The Renaissance Papacy was a period of papal history between the Western Schism and the Reformation.From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation in the 16th century, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants.There were many important divisions over the direction of Often led by members of the clergy, they were shocked by the accelerated dismantling of the vestiges of the classical world and the rapid loss of its literature. [46] In List's interpretation of history, the Christian missionaries persecuted the Armanenschaft, resulting in many fleeing northward into Scandinavia and Iceland. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the See more. [27] An obituary of List authored by Berlin journalist Philipp Stauff then appeared in the Mnchener Beobachter. Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a Latin style. Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (5 October 1848 17 May 1919), was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist.He expounded a modern Pagan new religious movement known as Wotanism, which he claimed was the revival of the religion of the ancient German race, and which included an inner set of Ariosophical teachings that he termed [8] (The word nepotism originally referred to the practice of Popes creating cardinal-nephews, when it appeared in the English language about 1669). Erasmus of Rotterdam. [19] The right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the city of London, which had between them 53 printing presses. Rafael Martinez, professor of the philosophy of science at the Santa Croce Pontifical University in Rome, in speech reported on, List of A Certain Magical Index characters Index, Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims, Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff, Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology, Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics, Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters, Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, Pontifical Council for Social Communications, Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People, Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Grendler, Paul F. "Printing and censorship" in, "Notification regarding the abolition of the Index of books", "Cardinal Saraiva calls new blessed Antonio Rosmini "giant of the culture", "The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers", "No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion? This was the time when Protestantism, through its definitive break with Roman Catholicism, arose to take its place on the Christian map. Humanist definition, a person having a strong interest in or concern for human welfare, values, and dignity. Dal, a skilled draftsman, became best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. [30], In 1571, a special congregation was created, the Sacred Congregation of the Index, which had the specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in Rome as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of required corrections in case a writing was not to be condemned absolutely but only in need of correction; it was then listed with a mitigating clause (e.g., donec corrigatur (forbidden until corrected) or donec expurgetur (forbidden until purged)). It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Books: A Living History. [53], List generally saw the world in which he was living as one of degeneration,[54] comparing it with the societies of the Late Roman and Byzantine Empires. These authors are instanced by Schmitt 1991. In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. "[49], The content of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum saw deletions as well as additions over the centuries. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to denounce them. [14] Other factors contributed as well; for example, by the early 1520s, after years of immoderate spending, the Holy Roman Church was nearing bankruptcy; in 1527, the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome, causing the city's population to dwindle from 55,000 to 10,000 in a single year; and in 1533, Henry VIII of England broke away from the Catholic Church so that he could marry Anne Boleyn, initiating the English Reformation. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. [8] Although he was 72 years old and suffered gout to the extent that he was carried on a litter, he nominally commanded his thirteenth military campaign. After World War II his work continued to influence an array of Ariosophic and Heathen practitioners in Europe, Australia, and North America. Luther insisted throughout his life, however, that the primary object of his critique was not the life but the doctrine of the churchnot the corruption of the ecclesiastical structure but the distortion of the gospel. Similarly, the subjects taught in schools broadened from the basics of mathematics and language to include sciences [5] In 1521 the Ottomans captured Belgrade, which had been besieged unsuccessfully by Mehmed the Conqueror, and in 1526 the Battle of Mohcs ended with the defeat of Louis II of Hungary. [8] The aim of the list was to protect church members from reading theologically, culturally, or politically disruptive books. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. The church also was plagued by the perception that professional theologians were more interested in scholastic debates than in the practical matters of everyday Christian belief and practice. [12] The first appeared in 1894 as Jung Diethers Heimkehr ("Young Diether's Homecoming"), which told the story of a young Teuton living in the fifth century who has been forcefully converted to Christianity but who returns to his original solar cult. Brunelleschi The challenge of the Protestant Reformation became also an occasion for a resurgent Roman Catholicism to clarify and to reaffirm Roman Catholic principles; that endeavour had, in one sense, never been absent from the life and teaching of the church, but it was undertaken now with new force. (2) Pythagoreanism To the extent that this period is relevant to modern Catholic dogma, it is in the area of papal supremacy. [56] A staunch monarchist, he opposed all forms of democracy, feminism, and modern trends in the arts, such as those of the Vienna Secessionists. [43], In the 1890s, List initially devised the idea that ancient German society had been led by a hierarchical system of initiates, the Armanenschaft, an idea which had developed into a key part of his thinking by 1908. Although Adrian VI said mass every day for the year he was pope, there is no evidence that his two predecessorsJulius II and Leo Xever celebrated mass at all. The period from end of the Western Schism in 1417 to the Council of Trent (15341563) is a rough approximation used by scholars to date the Renaissance Papacy and separate it from the era of the Counter-Reformation. Editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling, and preemptive censorship of books. His work, propagated through the List Society, influenced later vlkisch groups such as the Reichshammerbund and Germanenorden, and through those exerted an influence on both the burgeoning Nazi Party and the SS. In his books and lectures List invited true Germans to behold the clearly discernible remains of a wonderful theocratic Ario-German state, wisely governed by priest-kings and gnostic initiates, in the archaeology, folklore, and landscape of his homeland. Humanists included arithmetic and geometry in the liberal arts curriculum, artists furthered the geometrization of space in their work on perspective, and Leonardo da Vinci perceived, however faintly, that the world was ruled by number. The interest in algebra in the Renaissance [3] His main opponents were Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg (later the Holy Roman Emperor), and Tahmasp I of Safavid Persia. Although Boniface VIIIs extravagant claims for the political authority of the church and the papacy were undermined by the Babylonian Captivity and the subsequent schism, by the mid-15th century the papacy had recovered and triumphed over the conciliar movement. Hadrian, also spelled Adrian, Latin in full Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, original name (until 117 ce) Publius Aelius Hadrianus, (born January 24, 76 cedied July 10, 138, Baiae [Baia], near Naples [Italy]), Roman emperor (117138 ce), the emperor Trajans cousin and successor, who was a cultivated admirer of Greek civilization and who unified and Which medieval emperor had a problem at the Field of Lies? Amphibious campaigns in the Mediterranean, Although he was stopped at Kszeg and failed to conquer Vienna, since Ferdinand and Charles evaded an open field battle, Suleiman additionally secured his possession in Hungary by conquering several forts. The late medieval mass was a dragons tail, not because it was liturgically unsound but because the medieval definition of the mass as a sacrifice offered by the church to God jeopardized the uniqueness of the unrepeatable sacrifice of Christ on Calvary. [15][pageneeded]. [39], List believed that the basic teachings of Wotanism were found in the runic alphabet, believing that they could be deciphered by linking these letters with particular runic spells which appear in the Old Norse Havamal. During the period, the term humanist (Italian: umanista) referred to teachers and students of the humanities, known as the studia humanitatis, which included grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. [12] The group was partly based upon the 15th-century Litteraria Sodalita Danubiana created by the Viennese humanist Conrad Celtes, about whom List authored a brief biography in 1893. [12] He also authored two further novels during the 1890s, both of which were historical romances set in Iron Age Germany. [47] He believed that they developed a secretive language for transmitting their teachings, known as kala. [11] Further vlkisch articles on various topics pertaining to Austria's folk culture and to its ancient Germanic tribes followed during the 1890s, although midway through that decade his work took on an explicitly anti-semitic nature with articles such as "Die Juden als Staat und Nation" ("The Jews as a State and Nation"). The popes of this period were a reflection of the College of Cardinals that elected them. [24] Further individuals notably Rudolf John Gorsleben, Werner von Blow, Friedrich Bernhard Marby, Herbert Reichstein, and Frodi Ingolfson Werhmann took List's Ariosophical ideas alongside those of Liebenfels and built upon them further, resulting in a flourishing Ariosophical movement in the late 1920s and 1930s, with some of these individuals being within the coterie of prominent Nazi Heinrich Himmler and influencing the symbolism and rituals of the SS. [10] List and Wannieck began corresponding, resulting in a lifelong friendship between the two men. [9] Although an Ottoman victory, the battle stopped the Ottoman push for Vienna that year, since Suleiman died during the siege.[10]. In a letter of 31 January 1985 to Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, regarding the book The Poem of the Man-God, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (then Prefect of the Congregation, who later became Pope Benedict XVI), referred to the 1966 notification of the Congregation as follows: "After the dissolution of the Index, when some people thought the printing and distribution of the work was permitted, people were reminded again in L'Osservatore Romano (15 June 1966) that, as was published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1966), the Index retains its moral force despite its dissolution. See more. It was also the period during which the Roman Catholic Church, as an entity During the Protestant Reformation the churchs conflicting tendencies toward both corruption and reform coincided with the highly personal struggle of Martin Luther, who asked an essentially medieval question: How do I obtain a God who is merciful to me? Luther at first attempted a medieval answer to this question by becoming a monk and by subjecting himself to fasting and disciplinebut to no avail. The "ghost" may appear of its own accord or be summoned by magic.Linked to the ghost is the idea of a "haunting", where a supernatural entity is tied to a place, object or person. "[16] The patronage of arts and architecture was both a matter of papal policy to increase the prestige of the institution as a wholeand the personal preferences of individual popes. As in most of the rest of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. [29] The treaty confirmed the right of John Zpolya as a king of all Hungary, but recognised Ferdinand's possession of that part of the country that enjoyed the status quo. Encyclopdia Britannica: Index Librorum Prohibitorum). [24], During World War I, List erroneously proclaimed that there would be victory for the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, claiming to have learned this information from a vision that he experienced in 1917. The Italian Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento [rinaimento]) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. (2011). [11], According to Eamon Duffy, "the Renaissance papacy invokes images of a Hollywood spectacular, all decadence and drag. [50] According to List, a number of prominent Renaissance humanists including Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Giordano Bruno, Johannes Trithemius, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, and Johann Reuchlin were also aware of this ancient Armanist teaching, with List claiming that he was actually the reincarnation of Reuchlin. During the period, the term humanist (Italian: umanista) referred to teachers and students of the humanities, known as the studia humanitatis, which included grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. From 1917 onward, the Holy Office (again) took care of the Index. [20][pageneeded], The French crown also tightly controlled printing, and the printer and writer Etienne Dolet was burned at the stake for atheism in 1546. The imperial campaigns (Ottoman Turkish: , romanized: sefer-i humyn) were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.In 1520, Suleiman became the Sultan at the age of 25, succeeding his father Selim I (who had himself more than doubled the size of the Empire through his own campaigns), and began In theory, these two groups complemented each other, attending to peoples spiritual and temporal needs, respectively. humanism, system of education and mode of inquiry that originated in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through continental Europe and England. to the influence of Renaissance masters. The most traumatic era in the entire history of Roman Catholicism, some have argued, was the period from the middle of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. Corrections? [7], The popes of this period ruled as absolute monarchs, but unlike their European peers, they were not hereditary rulers, so a plurality of them promoted their family interests through nepotism. [11] Other Austrian German nationalist newspapers which published his articles during this period included the Bote aus dem Waldviertel ("The Waldviertel Herald") and Kyffhuser. Control was often contested; indeed it took until the 16th century for the Pope to have any genuine control over all his territories. Despite List's modern Pagan faith, the wedding was held in an evangelical Protestant church, reflecting the growing popularity of Protestantism among Austria's Pan-German community, who perceived it as a more authentically German form of Christianity than the Catholicism that was popular among Austria-Hungary's other ethnic and linguistic communities. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. [14] Cumulatively, these events changed the complexion of the Church, moving it away from the humanistic values exemplified by Popes like Leo X and Clement VII, toward the religious orthodoxy that would become synonymous with the Counter-Reformation, and Roman Inquisition. [12] He also worked as a playwright, and in December 1894 his play Der Wala Erweckung ("The Wala's Awakening") was premiered at an event organised by the Bund der Germanen (Germanic League) which was devoted to the German nationalist cause, with Jews being explicitly banned from attending the event. Although condemned for heresy, Girolamo Savonarola represented the ascetic reformist piety that existed in the late 15th century. [71], Both Goodrick-Clarke and later the religious studies scholar Stefanie von Schnurbein described List as "the pioneer of vlkisch rune occultism",[42] with the latter adding that "the roots of modern esoteric runology are found in Guido List's visions. "[12] The author goes on to cite Clement VII as "a very upright man, devout and not at all licentious, lavish or cruel as so many of his fellow Renaissance Popes are often thought of as being;" likewise, he praises Adrian VI's "holiness and moral integrity. A ghost story is any piece of fiction, or drama, that includes a ghost, or simply takes as a premise the possibility of ghosts or characters' belief in them. In the Holy Roman Empire book censorship, which preceded publication of the Index, came under control of the Jesuits at the end of the 16th century, but had little effect, since the German princes within the empire set up their own systems. The "ghost" may appear of its own accord or be summoned by magic.Linked to the ghost is the idea of a "haunting", where a supernatural entity is tied to a place, object or person. [44] List's image of the Armanenschaft's structure was based largely on his knowledge of Freemasonry. The imperial campaigns (Ottoman Turkish: , romanized:sefer-i humyn)[Note 1] were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In mathematics the Renaissance made its greatest contribution to the rise of modern science. For example, a history of Bohemia, the Rervm Bohemica Antiqvi Scriptores Aliqvot by Marqvardi Freheri (published in 1602), was placed on the Index not for attacking the Church, but rather because it advocated the independence of Bohemia from the (Catholic) Austro-Hungarian Empire. Set in the late fourth century CE, the narrative focused on a romance set against the background of the conflict between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire around the area of the eponymous Roman fort. "[72] In 1984, Thorsson expressed the view that List's impact was such that he was "able to shape the runic theories of German magicians (although not necessarily their political ones) from that time to the present day. [65] Reflecting his monarchist beliefs, he envisioned this future state as being governed by the House of Habsburg,[66] with a revived feudal system of land ownership being introduced through which land would be inherited by a man's eldest son. [54] The later Heathen and runologist Edred Thorsson noted that List's "theories were to some degree based on the anti-semitic dogmas of the day",[59] while Hammer stated that the Ariosophic tradition promulgated by List and others was "unambiguously racist and anti-semitic". Brunelleschi [8] From 1877 to 1887 he wrote for the nationalist magazines Neue Welt ("New World"), Heimat ("Homeland"), Deutsche Zeitung ("German Newspaper"), and the Neue Deutsche Alpenzeitung ("New German Alpine Newspaper"), with his articles being devoted to the Austrian countryside and the folk customs of its inhabitants. Renaissance, (French: Rebirth) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. Contrary to a popular misconception, Charles Darwin's works were never included. McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed. [15], "List belonged to an older generation than most of his pre-war fellow ideologues and thus became a cult figure on the eastern edge of the German world. By 1918, List was in declining health, furthered by the food shortages experienced in Vienna as a result of the war. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors). [8] On 1 May 1566, the Sultan left Constantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he had ever commanded. List of Renaissance structures; Index of Renaissance articles; References [3] According to his later account, he developed an early interest in the pre-Christian religions of Austria, coming to believe that the catacombs beneath St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna had once been a shrine devoted to a pagan deity. The standing of the church within the political order and the class structure of western Europe was irrevocably altered in the course of the later Middle Ages. "[13][pageneeded], J. Martnez de Bujanda's Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 16001966 lists the authors and writings in the successive editions of the Index,[14] while Miguel Carvalho Abrantes's Why Did The Inquisition Ban Certain Books? From 1877 he began a career as a journalist, primarily authoring articles on the Austrian countryside for nationalist newspapers and magazines. [59], Cardinal Ottaviani stated in April 1966 that there was too much contemporary literature and the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith could not keep up with it. The wealthy popes and cardinals increasingly patronized Renaissance art and architecture, (re)building the landmarks of Rome from the ground up. The imperial campaigns (Ottoman Turkish: , romanized: sefer-i humyn) were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.In 1520, Suleiman became the Sultan at the age of 25, succeeding his father Selim I (who had himself more than doubled the size of the Empire through his own campaigns), and began Renaissance music is traditionally understood to cover European music of the 15th and 16th centuries, later than the Renaissance era as it is understood in other disciplines. This is a list of notable people associated with the Renaissance Artists and architects. This is a list of notable people associated with the Renaissance Artists and architects. [3] During his leisure time he devoted himself to writing and sketching as well as rambling, riding, or rowing in the countryside, becoming both a member of the Viennese rowing club Donauhort and the secretary of the Austrian Alpine Association (sterreichischer Alpenverein). Filippo Brunelleschi Humanists. [11], List began lecturing on these subjects; for instance, in February 1893 he spoke to the nationalist Verein 'Deutsches Geschichte' ("'German History' Association) on the ancient priesthood of Wotan. None of these popes have been canonized as a saint, or even regarded as Blessed or Venerable. Pressing this point further, they denounced justification by faith alone and other cherished Protestant teachings as novelties without grounding in authentic church tradition. During the meetings, they reviewed various works and documented those discussions. [3][Note 2] The total duration of these campaigns was ten years and three months. He claimed that on an 1862 visit to the catacombs with his father, he knelt before a ruined altar and swore that when an adult he would construct a temple to the ancient god Wotan. For full treatment, see Europe, history of: The Middle Ages. The spectre of many national churches supplanting a unitary Catholic church became a grim reality during the age of the Reformation. The War of Urbino contributed, in large part, to driving the papacy into deep debt. The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1400 and 1600 Humanists also encouraged the study of Aristotle and other writers of antiquity in the original. In between the meetings was when the works to be discussed were thoroughly examined, and each work was scrutinized by two people. The changes in forms of social organization they introduced rendered centralized government and cultural unity impossible. [1] Voices critical of the worldliness of the papacysuch as Savonarola in Florencewere excommunicated. That some atheists, such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, were not included was due to the general (Tridentine) rule that heretical works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are ipso facto forbidden. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.Proponents of a "long Renaissance" argue that it started around the Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. Certain Renaissance popes used papal finances and armies to enrich themselves and their families; for example, Pope Alexander VI used the power of Papal patronage to fund his son Cesare Borgia's wars throughout Italy. Renaissance, (French: Rebirth) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. [5][6][pageneeded][7], The Index condemned religious and secular texts alike, grading works by the degree to which they were seen to be repugnant to the church. [2][3][4] The 20th and final edition of the index appeared in 1948, and the Index was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI. The church, in turn, not only owned cities and armies but often attempted to regulate affairs of state. Italian Renaissance influences begin to show on Early Netherlandish painting around 1500, but in many ways the older style was remarkably persistent. [10] The book also brought him to the attention of Friedrich Wannieck, a wealthy industrialist who was the chairman of both the Prague Iron Company and the First Brno Engineering Company. 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