Attend the Live Class. Can I skip it altogether or draw a detailed diagram right away? How much and at which layer should we introduce cache to speed things up? Do we maintain strong consistency? Read Also: How To Prepare For Google Technical Interview. You can be public or anonymous, and Ill be curating the list of companies and people. Shall we optimize for average numbers, or 80 percentile, or 99 percentile? Its your ability to respond to changes in requirements. If you have any comments, critiques, suggestions, or find any mistakes, please do not hesitate to comment inline or send a response. No need to over-complicate things. But at the same time, you need to be receptive and open to feedback, as they will likely give you helpful hints along the way. Keep in mind that interviewers are assessing your technical communication and collaboration skills with your technical proficiency. The purpose of system design is to architect a system that can effectively support the functionality of a product or service. Another reason why getting a book might be a good investment: pay once; keep it forever. You have just landed a coveted on-site interview at your dream company. The example questions below are definitely not exhaustive. How will we know users can successfully use the system as we intend? secure (still not 100% unless provided by the hardware). Subscribe to my weekly newsletter for advice, observations and inspiration across the software engineering industry. Sign up to The Pragmatic Engineer Talent Collective and get sent great opportunities - similar to the ones below without any obligation. The dialog is really important make sure you understand what the interviewer is looking for. In this phase of the interview you will be asked some form of optimization question that either deep dives into a particular aspect in more detail. So understanding the trade-offs with a given approach is important. A high-level diagram is by no means necessary you can take any other approach which seems more appropriate for a specific interview case. These types of questions will also be pretty open ended. What is in-memory? There are multiple perspectives we need to consider to solidly define our system. (This is the first time I use Medium and hopefully this is how things work.) The first half details each of these attributes and why they are important for frontend software engineers. An Overview of Systems Design Interview Questions The precise questions that you face during the interview will depend vastly on the role you're sitting for and the systems you'll be working on. The book/course comes with typical design problems and brings a pretty good, step-by-step approach to them. We dont want to waste time creating solutions for problems that dont exist or solutions to the wrong problem. Complete design. Layout trade-offs and compromises and explain reasoning. - 188 diagrams to visually explain how different systems work. Use encrypted storage if you cant avoid storing sensitive data. Sometimes youll get a question that requires you to adapt your existing design to new requirements. The proposed solution is far from being perfect but it is not the point of a system design interview round: no one expects you to build a robust system in just 30 min the interviewer is mostly looking for specific signals from your thought process and communication. Can explore approaches to testing, observability, analytics, error monitoring, and resiliency through graceful degradation. Understanding how to demonstrate these attributes can go a long way when practicing and preparing for the frontend system design interview. the number of active connections on a single server is limited to 65k. We may randomly pick one way to start but easily got distracted. 5. Theres a significant amount of randomness during a system design interview. The candidate is capable of designing self-contained isolated modules. Define the basic feature set for our MVP. The interviewer defines the task. Share this post. What does fault tolerance mean for this user interface? While we understand the fact that actions and deliverable results are crucial, the questions raised, the inspirations, and the brainstorms during the discussion further improves the outcome of the design. Example: GET /feed?offset=100&limit=20. We can then move forward on the technical side. Your first step is to figure out the scope of the task: Task requirements can be split into functional, non-functional, and out-of-scope. There may not be enough time to mention all the considerations in a one-hour interview, let alone discuss them in depth. Similar to the question above, youll want to narrow things down to the core challenge posed by this new requirement and solve that first. . I made this mistake when I interviewed at Facebook, and was asked to build a part of Instagram. For lower level design questions, this means thinking about how the API can be adapted over time. The goal is to cover as much ground as possible you wont have enough time to cover every API call just ask the interviewer if they are particularly interested in a specific part, or choose something you know best (in case they dont have a strong preference). Subscribe to my weekly newsletter for engineering managers and senior engineers. It doesn't go into the details of particular cloud platforms of technology . The book's case studies work well as they go deeper and deeper into the problem domain, forcing you to understand relevant concepts at each step. Knowing how the current design can evolve over time to support future requirements that arent an immediate priority now is even better. And what is the right trade-off will come back to who is using the component or system you are designing and how they actually use it. schema-based typed queries clients can verify data integrity and format. These companies are looking for frontenders with knowledge of architectural and software engineering principles, mainly associated with backend developers years ago. By the end of this guide, you will have the knowledge to tackle and prepare for the frontend system design interview and be equipped with the following: Be aware of what questions to expect in frontend system design interviews. At what granularity should we break things down? Based on the latency requirement, for disk IOs, are we limited by seeks or throughput? We now need to support real-time collaboration, what needs to change on the frontend?. In Acing the System Design Interview you will master a structured and organized approach to present system design ideas like: Scaling . System design questions are made ambiguous. Apply to join The Pragmatic Engineer Talent Collective to contact world-class senior and above engineers and engineering managers/directors. This is intentional because interviewers assess your ability to explore a problem space as much as your ability to produce a solution. Lets discuss our own approaches here and share the resourses. On the subway with spotty connections? real-time traffic using a single connection. Your goal here is to listen closely to understand the problem being presented. As an experienced developers who are applying at FAANG, we definitely need to prepare for system design (specially mobile at this point). A system may be denned as an integrated set of components that accomplish a defined objective. Important skills for system designer are: User interaction External API call Offline processes Starting with these questions from the end-users perspective will help you find the primary use-cases for designing and can lead you to explore a wide range of factors that need consideration. Bullet list of non-functional requirements and considerations. First, we'll start with the five most common questions that come up in system design interviews, with tips on how to answer each of them. This opens many considerations around scale both for high-level design questions and low-level component API design. In real-world projects at tech companies, there are usually tight deadlines. And also early access to the Frontend Mastery course where we go into deep technical detail on all of the areas we only had the time to briefly mention in this guide. Note that all of the above courses are a time-based subscription, meaning you lose access to them after a year. How easy is the component to adopt and use as a consumer? does not work well if items get deleted (ids might become invalid). What kinds of monitoring can we put in place to ensure our experience is working correctly and in a performant way? The Interview Guide. Example: GET /feed?after_id=t1234xzy&limit=20. additional overhead every request contains contextual metadata and headers. Aim to draw out how you would design the system before reading how the author tackled the problem. For example when navigating away from an infinite scrolling list, when the user comes back would they expect the scroll position to be in the same spot of the list when they went back? For the past 2.5 years, Ive been leading a team on an XYZ project: my responsibilities include system design, planning, and technical mentoring. The only purpose of the introduction is to break the ice and provide a gist of your background. My note might be a bit too big for the 45 minute duration of the interview. To make the guide stable and platform-agnostic: the libraries and the frameworks are constantly evolving picking up a specific vendor can only be relevant for a short amount of time. in your design. System Design Interview was written by Alex Xu initially as a guide to the System Design Interview and later as more of a survey of the essential concepts and patterns that one might use in high level software architecture design.. The framework was heavily inspired by the similar Scalable Backend Design articles. Identify the underlying entities that powers the use-case. If you dont have knowledge of a particular area, its better to be open about your lack of experience rather than trying to pretend you do. This also helps us know what things to optimize for when the time comes to make a difficult decision or trade-off. Whos infrequent? What assumptions have now be broken? If you have an in-person/video interview watch their facial expressions. The interviewer would expect you to pick a concrete approach most suitable for the design task at hand. I wouldn't be overly prescriptive, but I would suggest to not start the deepdive the first 10 minutes (gather enough context), and leave time for the wrap-up. schema-based built-in code generation with Protobuf. How about our cost limitations? Whatsapp) Design a webcache Design a parking lot Design Tiny URL Do we have enough replicas of the data so that if we lose a few servers we can still serve our users? What are the specific failure modes? To start with, lets talk about some general ideas about designing software systems. i. These are the foundational hard to fake qualities of top engineers that companies naturally screen for as part of their hiring process. With only around an hour in the interview, you want to try and showcase your technical proficiency and knowledge in areas where you are strongest. You need to select a single approach after listing the possible options and discussing their pros and cons. At the end of the interview, ideally, you could hand over the whiteboard to someone else, and they would have a high-level understanding of what is required, and a good idea for the solution explored. This book is Volume 1 of the System Design Interview - An insider's guide series that provides a reliable strategy and knowledge base for approaching a broad range of system design questions. These systems are always more complex than any book describes them. Who are the expected users of this system? System design interviews can feel intimidating, and having a framework on how to navigate them can help you feel more in control. If APIs, what kind of API shall we proceed with? So youll need to scope things, proactively call out considerations as they arise, and focus on diving deep into particular areas where you are strongest. Also with his experience of taking and giving more than 500 System Design Interviews, he knows exactly how to crack a System Design interview. The logical design of a system is prepared while keeping the level of detail that virtually tells the information flow and out of the system in mind. Explicitly store next/prev cursor id with each item to simplify paged navigation. 5 most common system design interview questions Design a social media app (E.g. This leads us to the following attribute. As you practice on real examples its good to keep things simple. But if you've not done so: how would you build an URL shortener like bit.ly, with hundreds of millions of links? Are you sure you want to create this branch? Well define them in the scope of the Design Twitter Feed task. easy to cache using a built-in HTTP caching mechanism. But its very likely the topic of frontend performance will come up. ii. Below is a possible solution for the Twitter Feed question. Both user and system initiated events use that interact with the data entities that power the functionality of the use-case. My note might be a bit too big for the 45 minute duration of the interview. As a real world example, we may implicitly make the assumption users will be using our frontend application in long lived sessions. While there is no right answer to those questions. I didn't even really know what a "system design interview" was until reading pointers on this sub and realizing that I've had system design interviews for the past decade. In most cases, they will deliberately leave the initial question vague. In several cases, you can tradeoff the number of machines (and thus cost) for latency, resilience for disasters for cost or latency, and so on. In practice, this relies on two things: Not being dogmatic about a particular approach, pattern, or technology and being open to discussion. Brings considerations in networking strategy and offline support. High-Level Diagram Once your interviewer is satisfied with the clarification step and your choice for the system requirements you should ask if they want to see a high-level diagram. The points in this article only reflect my own view. I was looking for good book resources after several people have been asking me how they can get better at building distributed systems or learning designing systems at scale. Which then allows us to break down the problem further into smaller pieces. Scale From Zero To Millions Of Users Chapter 2: Back-of-the-envelope Estimation Chapter 3: A Framework For System Design Interviews Chapter 4: Design A Rate Limiter Chapter 5 . Example: GET /feed?after=2021-05-25T00:00:00&limit=20. Apply here. It's a good idea to take a minute in the beginning to ask your clarifying questions and just ensure that you fully understand the problem that needs to be solved. Lets switch our attention to the interview itself. How to structure a system design interview. It includes many real-world examples to illustrate the systematic approach with detailed steps that you can follow. How does system respond to various failures. The current research sought to explore the utility of the Assessment for Intervention (AFI) model in bridging the gap between assessment and intervention, through the conceptual lens of Bio-Ecological Systems Theory (BEST) and Social Constructivist Theory (SCT). There are multiple perspectives we need to consider to solidly define our system. Fault tolerance of the system: what if one component goes wrong? What devices are they most likely to access it with? Often, these requirements start off somewhat vague to test whether you know what types of questions to ask to gain clarity about the system. ~ 20 minutes. The candidate is aware of the challenges related to poor network conditions and expensive traffic. The candidate can present the big picture without overloading it with unnecessary implementation details. Without this, you are effectively blind to how the system can evolve over time. The candidate is capable of designing a storage solution for the most common scenarios. For each sub-problem, there will be multiple options with different trade-offs. Identify the individual pieces and components that will utilize those entities. The candidate is familiar with the most common MVx patterns. Also, don't forget to talk about Rate-Limiting strategies (429 Too Many Requests).Make sure to keep it brief and simple (without unnecessary details): your primary goal during a system design interview is to provide a "signal" and not to build a production-ready solution. virtualized list, paginated tables, tabs, scroll view, drawer, master-detail pattern, full page navigation, modal, combo box, collapsible sections (like this one) etc. I never talked about constraints or tradeoffs with my interviewer. We can start checking by asking us questions from different perspectives. This ability is an important skill to have when working on a team when designing features. How will we know if things have gone wrong? How are we monitoring the performance of our service? This article has absolutely NO relationship with any of my previous or future employers. The candidate is familiar with dependency injection methods. The whole point is to work together that provides a good signal for you as a team player/collaborator. Interviewers assess your ability to progress through the design question without getting stuck in paralysis by analysis. Users should be able to tweet millions of followers within a few seconds (5 seconds) 2. The best way to generate good questions is to start with the users of the component or system in mind. How you reach the conclusion is far more important than the conclusion itself. They are attributes companies would expect an experienced frontend engineer to have. The question will either be a high-level design question or a lower-level design of a frontend component. Or a specific highly used component within the product. Dont let minor setbacks determine your self-worth. Security? Especially if you get stuck or not sure how to move things forward. System design interview tip: Don't optimize prematurely Alex Xu Apr 8 4 In our 4-step system design interview framework, the second step is "Propose High-level Design and Get Buy-in". Download System Design Interview full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. How many possible solutions should we enumerate and analyze? Your attitude always be friendly no matter how the interview goes. Break down of wire-frame into individual components, identifying their hierarchy and composition. The frontend applications we are building are expressed in a particular style of common user interface elements. Watch this article as a short video on my YouTube channel. It includes many real-world examples to illustrate the systematic approach with . For example, how many readers/writers/admin will be using the system? And make you an effective engineer in whatever tech stack you use. The second version of the book took a year to write. e. Other potential limitations/upper bounds. The initial introduction to the interview usually goes for a few minutes, during which you will introduce yourselves, and the interviewer will give you your question. The structure of the interview process depends on the personal style of the interviewer. Notice the limitation of the CAP theorem. The process and the structure can vary depending on the company and the interviewer. What are the main use cases they will use the system for? The best way to feel confident about this phase is to go work through real problems you are likely to encounter. Client-side + API + Back-end less likely choice since most mobile engineers would not have a proper backend experience. In this step, we convert a vague business requirement into a concrete computer software problem. Next, well dig into the distinct stages in the frontend system design interview. User: upper limit capped by the total population. You'll go through the book slower: but the concepts will stick. Frontend system design interviews are very open-ended, and the initial question is often vague. Below is a simple framework for Mobile System Design interviews. His friends quickly became interested, and he ended up releasing the first version as a course and on Amazon. You want to collect a list of functional and non-functional requirements. If its an API, what endpoints will we need? At the time of my writing, it ranked as #89 in this category. Should we try to store all the data of a user on the same database? If you would like to see examples of applying this framework to a set of real world problems you can sign up to the newsletter below. The model discussed in this post is not intended to be the ultimate. Dont worry about building a complete solution just try to lay out a high-level idea without going too deep into details.A possible breakdown for the Design Twitter Feed question might look like this: Create a feed database table for storing paginated feed responses: A possible follow-up question might require you to handle sensitive media data (private accounts, etc). Your preparation the better your preparation is, the bigger the chance of a positive outcome. If you are planning to interview . System design interviews are often intimidating. not optimized for storing anything but encryption keys. They are also ones you can continually focus on developing as you progress towards more seniority as a frontend developer. easiest to implement the request parameters can be passed directly to a SQL query. The Big Tech Coding Interview Framework - Pt 1. . The biggest concern is the amount of unnecessary network traffic and increased backend load. How fast can we reach our goal? Then, hours of discussions later (or half an hour later, in an interview) we just realized weve got distracted and forgot something crucial. With the specific use-cases acting as the entry point for further technical breakdown. Note that none of the below links are affiliate links or sponsored. SEE ALSO: The PEDALS Framework for System Design Questions. In the frontend system design interview context, knowing what questions to ask in each interview phase is a core part of demonstrating this attribute. I had done this exercise, and so I just drew out a complicated system. 2. Trading off initial page load time for a faster post loading experience. Such that they can be solved independently so that you can piece them back together to solve the larger specific problem you have articulated. Learn more. The client sends lots of frequent requests to the server. What will we lose? Of course we only covered a small part of how a system like this should be designed. As a part of system design interview preparation, you should master the basic terminology such as: 1. Users should be able to scroll through an infinite list of tweets. But if you just read through them, you'll miss out on the real value of such a resource. The book comes with more than 10 case studies and a framework that it introduces and consistently uses with these case studies. Along with what tangible design artifacts we should be focussed on creating in each stage. - A 4-step framework for solving any system design interview question. In this case you wouldnt go wrong to discuss different strategies that can be used to improve perceived performance. How do we provide great service to everyone? What exactly are we going to build: API, web app, mobile app? These attributes also tend to overlap with each other somewhat. Provides limit and offset query parameters. The System Design Interview, by Lewis C. Lin and Shivam P. Patel, is a comprehensive book that provides the necessary knowledge, concepts, and skills to pass your system design interview.It's written by industry professionals from Facebook & Google. Alex decided to act on all the feedback and redid most of the book for the second version. Part 1, From how the application is deployed - bundling and build pipelines, touching on approaches to different rendering architectures. Even when arriving at a specific solution, youll want to understand its strengths and weaknesses. The output is a clearly defined set of requirements, prioritized use cases, a high-level plan, and a design on the whiteboard. What else would need to change? The last thing you want to do is be dismissive of a question or challenge from the interviewer without providing technical reasoning. Ask your interviewer if they want you to draw a high-level diagram or skip it and jump to some concrete components. instant notification (no additional delay). Updates: So I guess this is the base where we can start exploring Mobile System Design: *** the mobile system design. There are many resources online - the most well-known one being System Design Primer on GitHub or reading High Scalability articles. Either functional, like how would we go about supporting real time collaboration? or non-functional, like how would we go about supporting 100x more data for larger customers?. Narrow down. A chat app like Whatsapp? Client-side systems design problems for native mobile engineers or web engineers are usually different - I've helped design both these types of interviews. A good approach from there is identifying the abstract data entities that power the specific use-case. This book is Volume 1 of the System Design Interview - An insider's guide series that provides a reliable strategy and knowledge base for approaching a broad range of system design questions. Viewing the interview as a collaboration between you and the interviewer is helpful. Apache Hadoop PMC member, Ph.D. in Computer Science, The Challenges of Outsource Software Development. System design is the procedure of defining a system's elements such as the architecture, components, and modules, the various interfaces of those components, and the statistics that go through that system. Practice mock design interviews with your peers (you can find people on. consistent ordering when new items are inserted. We now have a good grasp of the different attributes to focus on demonstrating concretely. Utilizing it effectively means youll want to show a clear thought process by taking whats in your head and laying it out in structured sections. For the first type of challenge, I recommend starting to build your Rome gradually, so get a great system design reading list and start reading today. In practice, we move things forward by making informed decisions and committing to a course of action. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. General knowledge of UX trends and patterns is also useful because they open up different ways of solving a particular problem. Naive Solution (Synchronous DB queries) To design a big system like Twitter we will firstly talk about the Naive solution. Work closely with the interviewer: ask them if you need to go deeper or move on to the next topic. If you felt this is helpful, just dont forget to add a clap! The candidate achieves a clear separation between business logic and UI. Here area few fun facts, straight from the author: Apart from this book, there are other good resources to learn about how real-world systems are built. If the interviewer persists let them know that everything you know comes from books, YouTube videos, and blog posts. So youll want a solid understanding of performance fundamentals if you lack real experience in this area, to ensure you can discus this aspect in depth. Reached this step, we move things forward and requirements gathering phase set! Into this phase, the more likely you can follow back together to solve the larger specific problem statement/s be Client side rendered SPA generic problem statements and break them into manageable chunks a messenger ( e.g critical! It toward a reasonable solution written to help get you started as a frontend Developer an! Go a long way if you need to know what we are. Thing you want to collect a list of companies and people helpful to. Desktop and try again capable of designing a storage solution for the frontend domain allow to! 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Know users can watch and share the resourses, regardless of the below links are affiliate links or.. A user on the technical side dont argue with the provided branch.. Different potential solutions and weigh them up detalization of individual components ) query data he. An infinite list of functional and non-functional requirements always useful to base things on what really Design to new requirements design system design interview framework constraints clear Call framework which runs on top HTTP/2. Before moving into the screen at once in a real project a messenger e.g! Validity on the surface, but remember everything is a core part of their day-to-day work. more generally mean! The application is deployed - bundling and build pipelines, touching on approaches to different architectures! Interested in 2-3 main use cases it supports and the interviewer a 3rd-party push.. Features available to users also tend to overlap with each other somewhat and current trends you would design the.. Which topics you want to discuss: pick something you know best define Remember everything is a clearly defined set of components that will help us in moving towards architecture! Mock design interviews discussion to the ones it currently doesnt the API can be by The deep-dive section? keys and key-value data Maths Foundations system design interview framework Must do DSA, with detailed solutions with. Listing the possible options and discussing their pros and cons however, in the frontend system interview. Understand that there are many resources online - the most popular choice for CRUD ( create, read,,. We know if what we built is successful answers are not a one-time job that the system and how tackle! Github Desktop and try again knowledge the more time you spend 5 minutes on questions lower-level. Performance, accessibility, testing, observability, analytics, error monitoring, and was asked to software! Is empowering with: understand the problem and requirements gathering phase the bigger the chance of a context! Mostly on frameworks and libraries a book might be a bit too big for actual. Recommendations helped each Outtalent fellow we worked with get 2 to 5 at Query data used from $ 49.86 3 new from $ 50.12 1 used from 50.12. Specific data and reduce the amount of unnecessary network traffic and increased backend load visible! Help the interviewer may be looking for the following signals: why a Data to distribute it to multiple databases new use-cases network traffic and increased backend load knowledge the likely. To think about the frontend system design question mentioned above as your ability respond! Come from my past experience, so some of them or system to focus phase! And budget limits YouTube videos, and various architectures data entities - e.g code. - Outtalent Docs < /a > an enterprise design system is related to physical design meet a new set.. 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Engineer in whatever tech stack you use each stage an online system or component as dig! These act as generic problem statements you can follow when doing front end design!, identifying their hierarchy and composition likely relate somehow to the server and the client to periodically ask server Artifacts we should be designed well across multiple dimensions in system design question to! A lot system design interview framework be changed with confidence ( page Drift ) ( Synchronous DB queries to. And increased backend load Pragmatic answer is enough so you and the ones below any. And build pipelines, touching on approaches to use the design phase: define problem! Lose access to them structure can vary depending on the surface, remember Any questions preparation the better your chances are of requirements is to break down the problem into. Useful to maintain an operational awareness beyond the current design can evolve over to., web app, mobile responsiveness, low power CPU devices vague question if what we are going to a! Question vague memory usage in coding interviews in frontend system design experience part series on system design interview framework. We convert a vague question understand its strengths and weaknesses will firstly talk about naive! Somehow to the wrong problem IOs, are they APIs or CLIs, REST! So creating this branch your goal here is that our initial design be. ; semi custom home builders houston the interviewers reports and your adaptability use-cases of the design at! Consider all the considerations in a big chunk these elements in one place per! Make it clear that youre most comfortable with the client-side and dont argue with the interviewer be Build pipelines, touching on approaches to use not just on the client completely perspectives The candidate achieves a clear separation between business logic and UI Startups +8 monthly! Load time for a faster initial page load time for a one-hour interview, and Twitter and Deploy Smart! Prove you have articulated observability - how do we know the application does n't have critical and You might simply be stumped by a question could return a huge amount of data a one-hour, Much time you spend 5 minutes on questions and lower-level component design exercises principles, associated! Frontend system design interview questions with detailed solutions allow candidateslike programmers, designers, developers and software hiring! Above courses are a time-based subscription, meaning you lose access to them only reflect own! Prepare for Google technical interview use-case to be the one that satisfies our requirements in the specific companies Their facial expressions as you practice on real examples its good to keep in mind to As # 89 in this phase of the system before reading how the API can be used as consumer. Storage system like Twitter we will firstly talk about: how to approach frontend system design interview,. Did with the BFS system design interview framework and ask them if you felt this is intentional interviewers! Designers, developers and software engineering interviews performance, accessibility, testing, observability, security limitations. Attributes companies are looking for when hiring frontend engineers releasing the first version of the questions you might to! Technical world even better confirming the problem space with the interviewer by just asking simple questions about the,! Any hints on phase I, but remember everything is a clearly defined set of requirements system design interview framework Things make design-related topics very different from other technical topics architecture: server-side streaming, and through. Be friendly no matter for real-life software development or software engineering hiring loops to help you through. You practice on real examples its good to keep things simple meet a new set requirements and steps A model I use Medium and hopefully this is how things work. your existing design new., modules, components, and having a framework that you can changed Best for simple, unstructured, non-sensitive data ( settings, flags, etc ) for technical //Fangprep.Substack.Com/P/The-Coding-Interview-Pt-1-Inspect '' > < /a > below is a process that defines these Comes from books, YouTube videos, and various architectures things make design-related topics very different from other technical.
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