Figure1 shows the effects of planting densities on agronomic characters of perilla sprouts. The supernatant solution (50ml) was mixed with a solution containing 130mmol methionine, 75mmol NBT, 100mmol EDTA, 50mmol phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). These results indicate that T3 and T4 can sharpen the ability of the anti-oxidation forces during the whole treatment process, stimulate cells to enter a sensitized state, effectively control the excessive concentration of ROS and increase the resistance ability of perilla sprouts. for this article. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, PMC The response of SY to D varied among intercrops and was greatest and least with early and late maturing cereals respectively. and L.F.C. Polle, A., Otter, T. & Seifert, F. Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of Norway (Picea abies L.). Has data issue: true 2019. Planting density modifies the photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of different parts of leaves. Soybean Science (2015). Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/cassava intercropping system. Gs of T4 treatment increased dramatically by 2050% over other treatments, but no significant differences were found between T1, T2 and T5 treatments. Sprouts are parts of plants that grow from planted seeds or other plant organs. These differences were most marked between the six-row variety and two-row varieties. Samples were kept at 4C until measurement. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured and used to determine the content of MDA based on absorbance at 532 and 600nm. The activities of antioxidant enzymes varied with the planting density. Effects of plant density on cotton yield components and quality. Sci. Seeds consume a lot of energy and resources during germination. Liuliu Wu or Li Meng. Zhang J, Guo CH, Gao ZQ. Planting density affects the antioxidant system of plants. Industrial Crops & Products 25(3), 282287 (2007). This experiment empathize that the combination of 70 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the plants, with a total density of about 71400 plants per hectare resulted in a highest yield. nder T1, T2 and T3 treatments, Pn was positively correlated with Gs and Ci. The growth of plants was carried out in a greenhouse maintained at an air temperature of 25C and air humidity of 75%. Ali, Amjed Schittenhelm S. Effect of sowing date on performance of root chicory. In their study, the content of TSS was highest in wheat leaves planted with narrow rows between plants. Moreover, the content of Chl. In the crop year of 2013 the hybrids resulted high yields in the treatment with a row distance of 45 cm and plant . Planting density modifies the photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of different parts of leaves. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Similarly, the content of volatile oil in T3 exceeded that of T1 by 55 and that of T5 by 22.37%. Briefly, 0.5g of fresh leaves were homogenized in 90% methyl alcohol and 0.1% HCL (v/v) and then refrigerated at 4C for 48hours. Effects of different densities on the wheat TSS in the flag leaf and grain. Figure 1. Cite this article. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Cowpea yields decreased as cereal plant density (D) increased, whereas cereal and total intercrop yields increased asymptotically with increasing D. Biomass yield of all intercrops responded to increasing D in a similar manner and the theoretical maximum intercrop BY was 12 290 kg ha 1 in all experiments. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. 1a). The changes in content of TSS in our study differs from previous studies in corn plants39. Stems with internode of nearly 2cm were selected for diameter measurement, three replicates were conducted for every stem internode. Authors Liuliu Wu 1 2 , Zhe Deng 3 , Lifan Cao 3 , Li Meng 4 Affiliations 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China. "displayNetworkTab": true, For each planting density, the same row spacing was applied. respectively to study their effects on plant parasitic nematodes and the yield of cabbage. Biswas, D. K., Hamid, M. M., Ahmend, J. U. The relative contents of RA and anthocyanin in perilla sprouts reached the maximum value at planting density of 1887 plants m2. Ear emergence and ear number were affected both by variety and density. Background: Chickpea yield losses due to weed competition have been estimated to range between 40 and 87% depending on weed species and density. It was showed that plant densities of 51 000 and 87 000 plants ha"1 increased lint yield by 61.3 and 65.3% in 2012 and 17.8 and 15.5% in 2013 relative to low plant density (15 000 plants ha"1), however, no significant differ- ence was observed between 51 000 and 87 000 plants ha"1. Notably, the height of plants increased significantly with the increase in planting density. However, the content of TSS was not significantly different between T3 and T5 treatments (Fig. The activity of POD and content of MDA first decreased and then increased with the planting density. In the present study, the activities of SOD and CAT first increased and then decreased as the planting densities increased. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the content of Ci between T3, T4 and T5 treatments. Thereafter, 0.5mL of this solution was mixed 10% aluminium chloride (0.1mL), 1mol/L potassium acetate (0.1mL) and distilled water (4.3mL) and incubated at room temperature for 30min. However, this density can be increased in favorable soil conditions and should be reduced under marginal conditions. According to the results of the present study, the increase in plant density and the substitution of manual harvesting by mechanical harvesting could be profitable practices with respect to the Jaranda variety of pepper used for the manufacture of smoked paprika. 2012 had a consistent yield across row space with a . Diameter of stem were measured with Vernier caliper (instrumental precision, 0.01mm). Cevallos-Casals, B. p. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-1% phosphoric acid (39:61) and was run at rate of 1.0mL/min based on the following gradient scheme: linear gradient of 9060% from 0 to 10min, linear gradient of 6090% distilled water from 10 to15 min, and 90% methanol afterwards. For instance, Pn and Tr increased at the initial stage after which they decreased. Our results show that the content of TSS in perilla sprouts increased rapidly at first and then gradually decreased with the increase of planting density (Fig. Notably, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were the lowest while the content of MDA was the highest under T1 treatment. Donald, C.M. After processing the fruits, the application of D2 and mechanical harvesting significantly improved quality parameters, such as a*, ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) units and carotenoide concentration, primarily capsanthin. Seeds consume a lot of energy and resources during germination. So far, few studies have explored the effect of planting density on nutritional quality and antioxidant level of perilla sprouts. 7.6 The Beta Growth Function 249. analyzed the data, L.L.W. This is because the lower light absorption rate is higher at higher planting densities. Cowpea yields decreased as cereal plant density (D) increased, whereas cereal and total intercrop yields increased asymptotically with increasing D. Biomass yield of all intercrops responded to increasing D in a similar manner and the theoretical maximum intercrop BY was 12290kgha1 in all experiments. Mnguez-Mosquera MI, Prez-Glvez A, Garrido-Fernndez J. J Agric Food Chem. Elsewhere, it has been noted that low yields at low planting densities are caused by the small number of plants per unit of area24. 1f). Planting at a density of 1450 plants m 2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. The lengths of root from T3 treatment was 68.45, 22.70, 9.49 and 54.05%, longer than T1, T2, T4 and T5 (Fig. In this study, the longest root was recorded in T5 group, while the length, width and diameter of cotyledons were highest under T3 and T4 treatments. Agron. 2a,b), while the highest values were recorded in T3 group. & Vasapollo, G. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacialen tiscus L. Phillyreala tifolia L. and Rubia peregrine L. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 8, 360364 (2007). The activity of POD and content of MDA first decreased and then increased with the planting density. Dry field was measured after plants were heated at 105C for 30min, 85C for 48h to a constant weight. Xue, Yanhui 41(9), 28732880 (2008). 75g of perilla sprouts were dried in the shade and ground. Iijima, Morio The site is secure. DOAJ is a community-curated online directory that indexes and provides access to high quality, open access, peer-reviewed journals. 2018 Society of Chemical Industry. Science 296, 695698 (2002). Ritchey, Edwin L. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment in a sandy land to explore the responses of the organ yields of C. esculentus, soil wind erosion, and soil properties to row spacing (30, 60, or 90 cm), and bare land was used as the control. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Effect of Certain Conditions on Yield of Crop Plants: Plant Density : Soil Water : Yield Relationships R. G. FAWCETT Nature 204 , 858-859 ( 1964) Cite this article 146 Accesses 13. Effects of planting densities on the contents of major secondary metabolites in perilla sprouts. agric. The increase in plant density increased marketable yield per hectare, although the yield per plant decreased. ADS All treatments were conducted through a random block design with three treatments and three replications. Crop Science 40(4), 1070 (2000). The concentration of flavonoids was determined from the absorbance based on a calibration curve of Quercetin. "displayNetworkTab": true, Food Chemistry 185, 99105 (2015). This results in longer, thinner, smaller and yellowing of leaves of the sprouts. B in T3 treatment was significantly lower by 13.75% compared to T5 treatment, but there was no difference in Chl. and L.F.C. Ball, R. A., Purcell, L. C. & Vories, E. D. Short-season soybean yield compensation in response to population and water regime. Effects of different planting densities on agronomic characters (ae) and yield (f) of perilla sprouts Error bars indicate standard error (n=3). Comparison of sprout quality characteristics of desi and kabuli type chickpea cultivars (cicer arietinum l.). Plant density and soybean yield. Studies show that germinating seeds produce high phenolic content and antioxidants5. The authors declare no competing interests. Chen, C. Y. et al. Strittmatter, Peter A. Sprouts were harvested at the 8th leaf stage. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 4. Dried leaves of perilla sprouts (0.5g) were ground into powder, and treated twice with 30% ethanol solution (25mL) under sonication for 10min, and then centrifuged at 4500rpm for 5min. The concentration of carbohydrate also reflects the influence of external environment on plant growth and development37. B between T1, T2, T4 and T5 treatments. Background: A 3ml reaction mixture containing 50mmol phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 15mmol H2O2 and 0.15ml supernatant was prepared, followed by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and determination of 1min CAT activity at 240nm by absorbance17. CAS The content of RA was highest under T4 treatment, which exceeded that of T1 by 24.39%, and that of T5 by 22.68%. The largest stem diameter was recorded in T1 which reached 0.36mm (Fig. Briefly, 0.5g of fresh leaves were homogenized in 90% methyl alcohol and 0.1% HCL (v/v) and then refrigerated at 4C for 48hours. Food Chem. and The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. The data presented are the means standard error (SE) of three replicates for each group. This may explain why the highest yield was recorded under T3 treatment. Kamara, Alpha Y. Liu CL, Chen YS, Yang JH, Chiang BH. Easter Sch. About 0.5g of fresh leaves were ground and Chlorophyll was extracted using acetone and 90% ethyl alcohol (v/v) at 4C for 48h until the leaves turned blanch. Effect of plant density on (a) total shoot mass and (b) seed mass per unit ground area. 1b). Influence of plant population density on growth and yield of two blackgram varieties. Elicitor-induced RA accumulation and secondary metabolism enzyme activities in salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 36(6), 110115 (2000). Soybean yield response to narrow rows is largely due to enhanced early growth. Cold stress affects antioxidative response and accumulation of medicinally important withanolides in withania somnifera (l.) dunal. Khalil, A. W. et al. Mechanical harvesting is necessary to improve the profitability of this crop. Anal Biochem 72, 248254 (1976). Feature Flags: { The content of RA was not significantly different between T1 and T5 treatments. Nhamo, Luxon Four varieties of barleyProctor, Plumage-Archer, Domen, and Moorewere grown at densities approximately equivalent to 35, 70, 140 and 280 lb/acre. wrote the paper, L.M. Anthocyanins were extracted as described by Long19. Carousel with three slides shown at a time. In addition, high planting density inhibits photosynthesis resulting in rotting of seedlings and lower yield. Vol. Of note, the dry yield of T3 were observed to be higher as compared to T1, T2, T4, and T5. Growth and nutraceutical quality of perilla sprouts is strongly dependent on planting density. Sprouts are extensively used as short growth cycles, source of nutritious compounds or simple cultivation methods to enhance the nutritional and functional quality of cereals, pseudo cereals, cruciferous vegetables and legumes1. 209. 2006. Mir, B. Given that nutrient content levels vary between leaves of different plant parts, leaves of the outer, middle and inner parts of each sample were torn and mixed for sampling. Whitbread, A.M. while the effect of plant density on yield amount showed different results. It is therefore important to develop methods of enhancing the nutritional quality of this plant8. From the review, it is understood that seed yield per unit area is the product of seed yield per plant and . Secondary metabolites form the main active components of medicinal plants. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Smith, S. Ray (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Briefly, flavonoids were extracted from 0.5g of ground leaves. government site. Changes in carotenoids, ascorbic acids, and quality characteristics by the pickling of paprika (Capsicum annuum l.) cultivated in Korea. Before These internal environmental conditions dependent on planting density affect plant yield and quality24. In China, few studies have reported the commonly used plant densities. Briefly, flavonoids were extracted from 0.5g of ground leaves. New Zeal. The anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine the content of soluble sugar (TSS) based on absorbance at 620nm23. Wang, Jie Fresh yield and dry field were determined. & Cisneros-Zevallos, L. Impact of germination on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 13 edible seed species. The implications of these responses for agronomic management and germplasm improvement of cerealcowpea intercrops are discussed. Although there were no significant differences between the effects of earlier and later application time on plant height or chlorophyll content, most of the structural and qualitative parameters of the yield (number of grains in the ear, grain density, grain hardness, protein, gluten and starch content) were better after later application of . The content of RA was determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, LC - 20AT). Li, X. T., Cao, P., Wang, X. G., Cao, M. J. The .gov means its official. Issue. With mechanical harvesting, the optimal density was D2 (15 151 kg ha-1 ) over D1 (12 493 kg ha-1 ). MathSciNet DH661 was planted at . Liu et al. analyzed the data, L.L.W. Chlorophyll content was calculated based on absorbance reading from UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G) at 663, 645 and 470nm. View all Google Scholar citations Nott. Herb and oil composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L.): Effects of crop maturity and plant density. The following types of fertilizers were used: 225kgN ha1, 100kg P2O5 ha1 and 125kg K2O ha1. Plant development, Plant development, Plant physiology, Plant physiology. Results indicated that treatment with 35714 plants per hectare had the highest plant height, whereas 25974 plants per hectare gave the . There was no significant difference in the content of anthocyanins between T2 and T5. Figure1 reveals that as the planting density increased, this was accompanied by increase in leaf length, leaf width, both of which reached the highest value under T3 treatment (Fig. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. 2011 Sep;76(7):C1075-80. These results indicate that T3 and T4 treatments (14501887) plants m2 are ideal densities that optimize the nutritional quality of perilla sprouts. Plant growth, leaf composition, total yield, and fruit quality are affected by the substrates in soilless culture [32,33]. For each planting density, 50 representative plants were selected to perform experiments. The plants were grown on sandy soil in a greenhouse of 100m50m dimensions. About 50g of fresh leaves were used to measure the concentrations of SP and TSS. Cereal plant density affects yield and growth parameters of fundamental importance. A previous study24 reported that the number of plants per square meter is directly proportional to the ratio of crop growth rate. The activity of POD was estimated based on the absorbance of guaiacol oxidation at 470nm17. Effects of plant density, fertilizers and stage of maturity on the yield and other agronomic characters of sweet and glutinous corn By: Alcos, Senen Oracion; Material type: Text Publication details: [College, Laguna] 1973 Description: 134 l. illus A. Photosynthesis || environmental regulation of photosynthesis. To measure the leaf length and width, we used the middle section of a leaf blade, where it is longest and widest, five replicate measurements were conducted for each leaf blade. The content of TSS in plants not only reflects the synthesis of carbohydrates, but also the status of carbohydrates transport. Further analysis showed that increase in planting density produced a corresponding increased in fresh yield and dry yield significantly (Fig. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate three slides at a time, or the slide dot buttons at the end to jump three slides at a time. PubMed Central On the other hand, the leaf width did not differ between T2 and T3 treatment. The yield was calculated for at least three plants in each group (n=3). Planting densities influenced several photosynthetic parameters of perilla sprouts (Table2). Larkindale J, Huang B. Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in agrostis stolonifera: involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene. Planting at a density of 1450 plants m2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species,. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, 765-770. The biosynthesis and accumulation of these metabolites are influenced by the external environmental conditions. In addition, as the distance between the plants increased, the number of bolls per plant also increased. High amount of antioxidant substances are synthesized during germination4,5,6. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, This mechanism may be used by cells of perilla sprouts to resist adverse external environmental conditions. The data presented are the means standard error (SE) of three replicates for each group. 3a). About 50g of fresh leaves were used to measure the concentrations of SP and TSS. is commonly used a traditional vegetable2. 7.3.2 The Holliday Yield-Density Curves 229. A slight increase in plant density from 7.14 to 6.25 sq. and JavaScript. About 0.5g of fresh leaves were ground and Chlorophyll was extracted using acetone and 90% ethyl alcohol (v/v) at 4C for 48h until the leaves turned blanch. 1974. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant density (D1 = 36 765 and D2 = 73 530 plants ha-1 ) and harvesting type (manual or mechanical) on the yield and quality of fresh, dried and powdered peppers. Notably, the content of TSS under T4 treatment were significantly higher than in other treatments, which is in agreement with results obtained by Zhang et al.38. New Zeal. Turley RB, Pettigrew WT. Measurements were performed for leaves with uniform growth and symmetrical leaves from the top of the third section. Izumi, Yasuhiro Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoid content assays were carried out using LiXT method15. Haq, Tanveer ul Food Chemistry 119(3), 11951200 (2010). Each field . J. Notably, the height of plants increased significantly with the increase in planting density. This study was conducted to: (i) determine the optimal sowing rate to maximize forage yield; and (ii) determine the relationship between plant and stem density with forage yield and nutritive . The activity of SOD was determined based on inhibition of the photochemical reduction of nitro blue tolazoline (NBT) as described by Polle16. The site is secure. b, Chl. Increase in MDA concentration cause cellular damage, hence metabolic disorders33. Callan et al.9 showed that planting density affects the yield and quality of aromatic herbs. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This study explored the influence of planting density on growth, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant capacity, main secondary metabolites, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of ready-to-eat sprouts. Under normal circumstances, a balance exists between ROS production and elimination in plants. This is so because planting density influences the nutritional status and light distribution characteristics of plants. Anthocyanin, as a flavonoid compound, which could be for this reason that the contents of anthocyanin and flavonoids of perilla sprouts were both higher under T3 treatment. Wu, L., Deng, Z., Cao, L. et al. Burdine, Kenneth H. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, These metabolites are also the principal medicinal components this plant. High planting density also increases inter-plant water content and atmospheric relative humidity. a, Chl. 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003 China, 2Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, 453003 China. 27 March 2009. The absorbance of this mixture was measured at 415nm using a UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G). 8600 Rockville Pike Egli DB. This is consistent with findings derived from summer soybean29. Analysis of variance revealed that planting density significantly affected the average yield of storage. Comparatively, the activities of SOD and CAT in T3 group were higher by 59.05 and 82.04%, respectively, than in other groups. Further analysis revealed that the contents of major secondary metabolites in perilla sprouts varied with different planting densities (Table3). Long L, Scardino A, Vasapollo G. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacialen tiscus L. Phillyreala tifolia L. and Rubia peregrine L. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. Weight and count of monocropped bell peppers at 19- and 38-cm in-row spacings were greater than the bell peppers intercropped with high-density tomatoes ( Fig. Agric. Stems with internode of nearly 2cm were selected for diameter measurement, three replicates were conducted for every stem internode. The remaining acid (RA) was extracted and analyzed using the methods described by Yan et al.21 with minor modifications. Chlorophyll content was calculated based on absorbance reading from UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G) at 663, 645 and 470nm. (Table 4). In this study, we show that planting density influences SP content in the perilla sprouts. PMC legacy view (2004) also reported that maize yield differs significantly under varying plant density levels due to 42 PDF In-row Plant Spacing Affects Growth and Yield of Pepperoncini Pepper Zegada-Lizarazu, Walter In this study, we explored the influence of planting density on growth, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant capacity, main secondary metabolites, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of ready-to-eat sprouts. It is reported that plant flavonoids anabolism depends on photosynthesis34, which also reflects that T3 treatment is beneficial to the growth and light absorption of perilla sprouts, thus promoting the increase of flavonoids content. Five planting densities were used: 575, 1012, 1450, 1887 and 2325 plants m2, referred as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were recorded at 1000 micron2s1 with Li-6400 portable photosynthetic meter. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured and used to determine the content of MDA based on absorbance at 532 and 600nm. The supernatant was collected for enzymatic assays, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT). performed experiments, L.L.W., Z.D. Samples were kept at 4C until measurement. Comparatively, the activities of SOD and CAT in T3 group were higher by 59.05 and 82.04%, respectively, than in other groups. Google Scholar. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Results shown in Fig. Njoku, D. N. & Muoneke, C. O. Effects of different planting densities on agronomic characters (ae) and yield (f) of perilla sprouts Error bars indicate standard error (n=3). Mpandeli, Sylvester The remaining acid (RA) was extracted and analyzed using the methods described by Yan et al.21 with minor modifications. 704 hybrids in density of 84000 plants ha-1 with average of 9.14 t ha-1 and least value of grain yield was observed in hybrid 370 in density of 65000 plants ha-1 with 9.14 t ha-1. Low yields at low planting densities has also been associated with high plant numbers per unit area25,26,27. Planting density affects the antioxidant system of plants. Render date: 2022-11-03T18:32:47.408Z J. Agron. However, no significant differences in RA content were observed between T2 T3 and T4 treatments. Plant density and soybean yield. View all Google Scholar citations Error bars indicate standard error (n=3). Error bars indicate standard d error (n=3). This stem density was achieved by a plant density of 2.5 plants per m (plants 25 cm separated in the line, with lines at 1.6 meter in between) Further increase of density doesn't give the extra yield. The authors declare no competing interests. Planting density mainly affects the structure of plant population, increases competition among individuals for light, water and nutrients. L.M. The content of volatile oil showed a similar trend as that of total flavonoids, being highest under T3 treatment and lowest under T1 treatment. This study was conducted at the experimental station of the Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Henan institute of science and technology, Xinxiang, China (N35 18 13.71, E113 55 15.05). p. Li XT, Cao P, Wang XG, Cao MJ, Yu HQ. The growth of cotyledons was inhibited while the growth of cotyl was enhanced as the seeding density increased.
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