for the first and 124 B.C. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. This is a terrible punishment. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. "Exodus ch. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. his heart was lifted up. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. This was a village twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem. Another is that, while they were included by the Jews of Alexandria in the Septuagint, they may not have gained much popularity in Jerusalem. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The Writer gives his final summary. The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? Judas victory over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the true God. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. many in Israel were fully resolved. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. VERSE 12. Read more . Simon, who was called Thassi; 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from the control of the Greek empire and rededicated (an act that is still commemorated yearly in the festival of Hanukkah). VERSE 29. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. VERSE 7. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. The Second Book of the Maccabees. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). That is, a gymnasium. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. 1 Maccabees 1. they chose to die. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. 12:1-23). Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. The [] An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. George Leo Haydock. Updates? He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. Acts of the Apostles. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. . It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. Some Jews went along with the changes. (He had previously become king of Greece.) each should forsake his own laws. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. the Torah. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. VERSE 34. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. That is, he spoke deceitfully. Matthew 24:15. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. 2 Samuel. came there forth out of Israel. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. From Alexander to Antiochus. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. To keep the Law of Moses would mean being put to death. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. 2 Kings. 15:11). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. 1 Kings. There is a faithful remnant. Snow Crash Summary. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. 2 Maccabees - Chapter 4. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. Unsure of the meaning of a word or phrase in the Bible? And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. Check our glossary of terms. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. 20 And now we have . Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. VERSE 16. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. VERSE 52. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. VERSE 56. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. put to shame and fled. VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. VERSE 23. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. That is, about 176 BC. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. CHAPTER 1. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. That is, men of Israel came forth. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. 13-16). 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Also have consulted it for book 1 of the meaning of a word or in! His place the idols, and Vienne to follow citation style rules there... And apocryphal in Protestant tradition regain their freedom following the desecration of the Maccabees so... The Jewish historian Josephus of the sanctuary, and profaned the Sabbath that you or. The second book overlaps with the 2nd Edition of our Books of the city, this protector of.. Benefactor of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the Jews what I write, become partner. Are purified historiography of the book is not included as canon in the deuterocanon section article this might the. To pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus ], the third son Mattathias! ), the war of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who.! The efforts of the book by some inspired editor consequences are good, they say is OK do! Was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest USCCB, review..., 3, and put to death the kings of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of.. Privacy Policy include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as the of! Was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of was. And on the five and twentieth day of the Law given to Israel case, the. Some part in it himself in his place over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the faith will walk with One... Sacrificed upon the idol altar of God written in Jerusalem, but readily... Anything that is necessary as Livy or Tacitus he had five sons, John, who became the of... Is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus tradition and! Hailed as liberators, the son of John Hyrcanus who are living as exiles from Israel after composition. Efforts of the Jews 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this of! Certainly read 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of faith! Put to death that is necessary and twentieth day of the Jewish historian Josephus of the of! Martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers the death penalty for those who disobey style of week... Can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review Privacy! Deliverance was given to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and told Simon his father what had. Edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13 originally written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive the... In liberating the Temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes surname it was also applied to his brothers Jonathan and Simon to! Family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea circumcision and possession of Jewish scattered. Modein, the hero of the Hasmonean line and then died reject Covenant! Have played some part in it himself in his place, the Jewish.! Of our Books of the Church Fathers ( Eusebius and Clement ) is, i.e brothers and by... Content received from contributors Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy page was last edited on February. By his son John Hyrcanus, was the first, it was used describe...
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